Jozef Murga? (English Joseph Murgas) (17 February 1864 - 11 May 1929) was a Slovak inventor, architect, botanist, painter, and Roman Catholic priest. He contributed to wireless telegraphy and help develop mobile communications and wireless transmission of information and human voice.
Murga? was nicknamed the Radio Priest and deemed a Renaissance man.
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Life
Europe
Murga? was born in Tajov (Tajó), Kingdom of Hungary, Austrian Empire (now Slovakia). He studied theology in Pre?porok (Pressburg, present Bratislava) (1880-82), Esztergom (1882-84), and in Banská Bystrica, where he graduated in 1888. From his youth he was bright, skillful and good at painting and electrotechnology: The vice-head of the school in Esztergom allowed him to use the physics room for experiments, and the Slovak painters B. Klemens and Dominik Skutecký noticed his talent for painting.
After priestly ordination in 1888, Murga? worked as a curate. On Skutecký's initiative, Murga? was accepted at a painting school in Budapest, where he studied from 1889-90. He also studied painting in Munich from 1890-93. He attended both schools while working. He painted sacral pieces and Slovak landscapes and Slovak personalities. It was due to his strong patriotism he exhibited during holidays in the 1890s that he was not allowed to finish his painting studies and had to work as a curate in changing places in the Kingdom of Hungary: in Chrenovec (Nyitratormás), Slovenská ?up?a (Zólyomlipcse), Dubová (Cseres) and in Lopej (Lopér). In Lopej, he painted a large sacral picture of St. George, which is still on the church altar of the village. The central altar painting of St. Elisabeth, in the 14th century Church of St. Elizabeth in the main square of Banská Bystrica, is by Murga?.
United States
Due to permanent conflicts with the bishop's secretary, Murga? had to emigrate to the United States in 1896, where he was assigned a Slovak parish in the city of Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. Having no possibility for painting, he started to deal with natural sciences again, especially electrotechnology. He established a laboratory in Wilkes-Barre, in which he primarily investigated radiotelegraphy. His article in the Tovary?stvo magazine of 1900 shows that his radiotelegraphy studies had achieved a high level. In 1904, he received his first two US patents: the Apparatus for wireless telegraphy and The way of transmitted messages by wireless telegraphy. Further 15 patents followed between 1907 and 1916 (see below). Based on the first two patents, he created the Universal Aether Telegraph Co., which organized a public test of Murga?'s transmitting and receiving facilities in September 1905 (see below). The test was successful, but a storm destroyed the antenna masts three month later, which led to a dissolution of the company.
Murga?'s primary concern in Wilkes-Barre, however, were the local Slovaks. He took care of Slovak immigrants, had a new church, library, cemetery, several schools, gymnasium and playgrounds built, all of which are still used by American Slovaks. He was also one of the founders of the Saints Cyril and Methodius community and took care of children and youth. He was very popular among religious people because of his emotional relation to them. He also published a newspaper, in which he published some popular-science articles and verses.
Murga? was active in the Slovak expatriates movement, wrote articles for their press, was one of the founders of the Slovak League in America, actively supported the creation of the state of Czechoslovakia, organized a money collection (a fund) of American Slovaks for the creation of Czechoslovakia (1,000,000 USD), and was also a writer and a signatory of the Pittsburgh Agreement (1918) between Czechs and Slovaks on establishing Czechoslovakia. As a respected personality, he gained trust and support of the highest authorities in the USA for the establishment of Czechoslovakia.
Murga? continued to study physics and to do many experiments. He financed his activities by selling his paintings. He also collected mushrooms, plants, minerals and insects. His butterfly collection comprised 9000 pieces from all over the world.
When the United States entered World War I, private radiotelegraphy stations were prohibited, which put an end to Murga?'s pioneer work in this field. After the creation of Czechoslovakia, he returned to Slovakia in 1920, where he taught electrotechnology at a high school, but since he did not find appropriate understanding by the Ministry of Education in Prague, he returned to Wilkes-Barre four months later. He was nominated to be a member of the Federal Radio Commission of the United States in 1925. Murga? died in Wilkes-Barre four years later.
Importance and primacy conflicts
The most dynamic segments in the area of communications services today are internet services, mobile telephony and convergence of voice and data process. If we go back one hundred years to history we can see that development in this area began with wireless information transmission encoded in telegraphy marks and wireless voice transmission which was made by frequency modulation.
In 1905, Murga? achieved radio transmission between Wilkes-Barre and Scranton, Pennsylvania, or a distance of 20 miles (30 km).
The tone system is the use of two signals of different frequencies, i.e. Murga? substituted the "dot" of the Morse code with a higher tone and the "dash" with a lower tone (this is the 1904 patent "The way of transmitted messages by wireless telegraphy").
Thomas Edison paid remarkable attention to Murga?'s experiments and he is said to have informed Guglielmo Marconi of Murga?'s success. Murga?'s lab in Wilkes-Barre was visited by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1905.
Patents 1904 - 1916
- U.S. Patent 759,825 "Wireless-telegraph apparatus" (1904) - content: adaptation of a Wahnelt type interrupter and construction of an electromagnetic waves detector, in which a rotating carbon lug replaces a coherer with metallic swarf
- U.S. Patent 759,826 "The way of transmitted messages by wireless telegraphy" (1904) - content: tone system for the transmission of Morse code signs (as described above)
- U.S. Patent 860,051 "Constructing Antennas for Wireless Telegraphy" (July 16, 1907).
- U.S. Patent 848,675 "Wave meter" (1907)
- U.S. Patent 848,676 "Electrical transformer" [1907)
- U.S. Patent 860,051 "Underground wireless telegraphy"
- U.S. Patent 876,383 "Apparatus for making electromagnetic waves" (1908)
- U.S. Patent 915,993 "Wireless telegraphy"(1909)
- U.S. Patent 917,103 "Making of sparkles frequency from power supply without interrupter"(1909)
- U.S. Patent 917,104 "Magnetic waves detector"(1909)
- U.S. Patent 930,780 "Magnetic detector" (1909)
- U.S. Patent 1,001,975 "Apparatus for making electrical oscillations" (1911)
- U.S. Patent 1,024,739 "Spinning reel for fishing rod" (1912)
- U.S. Patent 1,196,696 Improved invention in the United States; given in England GB9726 in 1907
- U.S. Patent 1,196,969 "The way and apparatus for making electrical alternating current oscillations" (1916)
- Co-author of 2 inventions concerned electrical arc lamps (1910)
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Memorials and honors
In Tajov, there is Murga?'s house where he was born, a memorial room, and a symbolic grave with a sepulchral monument of Murga? at the local cemetery. Jozef ?ebo, the founder of the room and monument (now a retired teacher) looks after them very carefully. The memorial room also features originals of pictures, paintings, some unique pieces from his butterfly collection, models of inventions in wireless telegraphy and documents. One can also see there a minimodel of Murga?'s original antenna masts built by company Universal Aether Telegraph Co. in Wilkes-Barre in 1905.
Further objects include:
- Jozef Murga? Monument in Bratislava, Slovakia - the Slovak Telecom building in the Jaro?ova Street
- Jozef Murga? street in Podbrezová-Lopej, Slovakia
- Joseph Murgas Monument in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania
- Paintings in a church in Wilkes-Barre in Pennsylvania
- Paintings in the Memorial room in Tajov, in some churches in Lopej and Banská Bystrica
- Murgas Amateur Radio Club of Wilkes-Barre, PA named after Fr. Murgas in 1975.
- Model of Murgas' transmitting station in Wilkes-Barre
- Collection of butterflies (9,000 pieces) from all over the world
- Liberty ship SS Joseph Murgas in the U.S. state Georgia in 1944
- Jozef Murga? Secondary School of Electrical Engineering in Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
- Jozef Murga? stamp issued by the Ministry of Transport, Communications and Public Works of the Slovak Republic in 1994 (400,000 pieces) on the occasion of 130th birth anniversary (1864) of Jozef Murga?.
To the memory of Murga? and to support the development of telecommunications in Slovakia, the Jozef Murga? Award is awarded annually by the Slovak Electrotechnical Society and Ministry of Transport, Posts and Telecommunications of the Slovak Republic for:
- publication of original theoretical contribution supporting development of telecommunication in Slovakia,
- utilization of original or foreign theoretical contribution to development of telecommunications and telecommunication industry in Slovakia.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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